❶ 经济学人精读 The Economist [05] | Lifelong learning 终身学习 Part 4
The Economist [05] | Lifelong learning 终身学习 Part 4
If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical. Because ecation is a public good whose benefits spill over to all of society, governments have a vital role to play—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely.
Lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, ecation should not be narrowly vocational. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills later in life.
But the biggest change is to make alt learning routinely accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such “indivial learning accounts”; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.
Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But instry can help by steering people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs. Trade unions can play a useful role as organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.
To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours’ practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.
Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting jobs market. Those most at risk of technological disruption are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all alts must have access to flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning advances in ecation. That should be the scale of the ambition today.
If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical[根本性的]. 如果新的学习方式是要帮助那些最需要帮助的人，那么政策制定者应该寻求远为根本性的举措。
【radical】
relating to the most important parts of something or someone; complete or extreme根本的；彻底的，完全的
We need to make some radical changes to our operating proceres.我们需要对操作规程进行一些根本性的变革。
I'm just having my hair trimmed - nothing radical.我只是修剪了一下头发，没有什么大的改变。
Because ecation is a public good[公益事业] whose benefits spill over to[延及] all of society, governments have a vital role to play[发挥重要作用]—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely[花得明智]. 因为教育是一种公益事业，其益处会延及整个社会，各国政府要发挥重要作用——不仅要增加投入，还得把钱花得明智。
【spill over】
If an activity or situation spills over, it begins to affect another situation or group of people, especially in an unpleasant or unwanted way. （尤指令人不快地）波及，扩散，影响
I try not to let my work spill over into my life outside the office.我努力不让我的工作影响到办公室之外的生活。
The conflict threatens to spill over into neighbouring regions.冲突可能会波及到邻近地区。
Lifelong learning starts at school. 终身学习始于学校。
As a rule, ecation should not be narrowly vocational[职业的]. 一般来说，教育不应该有狭隘的职业性。
The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. 学生需要从课程中学会如何学习和思考。
A focus on[注重] “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills[学习技能] later in life. 注重“元认知”将帮助学生日后更好地学习技能。
But the biggest change is to make alt learning routinely[常态化地] accessible to all. 但最大的改变是让所有人都能常态化地进行成人学习。
One way is for citizens to receive vouchers[抵用券] that they can use to pay for training. 一个方法是向国民发放抵用券，可用于支付培训费用。
Singapore has such “indivial learning accounts”; 新加坡就有这样的“个人学习账户”。
it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. 该国向所有25岁以上的国民提供资金，可用来选择学习500种经认可的课程。
So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days. 到目前为止，每个国民只领取了几百美元，但这才刚刚开始。
【it is early days】
said when you think it is too soon to make a judgment about the likely result of something because a lot might still happen or change 言之过早；为时尚早
Our progress has been fairly slow so far, but it's early days.到目前为止我们的进度很缓慢，但来日方长，现在还不能说以后会怎么样。
Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. 由纳税人付费的课程有可能被浪费。
But instry can help by steering[引导] people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. 但企业界可以提供帮助，引导人们学习业界所需的技能，并和MOOC及大学院校合作设计有用的课程。
【steer】
to take someone or something or make someone or something go in the direction in which you want him, her, or it引导，带领
She steered her guests into the dining room.她把客人们领到餐厅。
I'd like to steer our discussion back to our original topic.我想请大家重新回到我们原来讨论的话题。
The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy.新政府的主要任务是将国家引向民主。
Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. 企业还可以鼓励员工学习。
AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs. 电信公司AT&T希望员工具备数字技能，它每年支出3000万美元报销员工的学费。
【reimburse】
to pay back money to someone who has spent it for you or lost it because of you偿还；付还；补偿
The airline reimbursed me for the amount they had overcharged me.航空公司多收了我钱，他们后来退还给我了。
She was reimbursed by the gas company for the damage to her house.煤气公司对她房屋遭受的损失进行了赔偿。
Trade unions can play a useful role as[发挥作用] organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. 工会也可以发挥作用，组织终身学习，尤其是帮助那些小公司的员工或自雇人士，因为这些人不大可能有公费培训的机会。
A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left. 在英国，一个工会组织的培训项目同时得到了左右两派政党的支持。
To make all this training worthwhile[值得的], governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. 要让所有这些培训有价值，政府需要大力降低执业资格要求以及其他阻碍新人入行的门槛。
【slash】
to very much rece something, such as money or jobs大幅削减，大幅减少（金钱、工作等）
Prices have been slashed by 50 percent!价格直降50%！
Rather than asking for 300 hours’ practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.例如，与其要求有300小时的实习来获得做洗发工的资格，田纳西州应该让理发店自行决定雇谁最好。
Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting[不断变化的] jobs market. 并非每个人都能成功应付正在变化的就业市场。
【navigate】
to direct the way that a ship, aircraft, etc. will travel, or to find a direction across, along, or over an areaof water or land, often by using a map（常指借助地图）导航，确定…的方向
Sailors have special equipment to help them navigate.船员们借助专门的仪器确定航向。
Even ancient ships were able to navigate large stretches of openwater.即便是古老的船只也能在宽阔的大片水域中航行。
Some migrating birds can navigate by the moon (= using the moon as a guide).有些迁徙的鸟类可以借助月亮确定方向。
There weren't any road signs to help us navigate through the maze of one-way streets.没有任何路标可以指引我们穿过像迷宫似的单行街道。
We had to navigate several flights of stairs to find his office.我们不得不攀上好几层楼梯才找到他的办公室。
Those most at risk of[受威胁] technological disruption[技术颠覆] are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine[男子汉的]” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. 受技术颠覆威胁最大的是那些蓝领工人，其中很多人拒绝在医疗护理等快速发展的领域里承担不那么“男子汉”的工作。
【masculine】
adjective UK /ˈmæs.kjə.lɪn/ US /ˈmæs.kjə.lɪn/
having characteristics that are traditionally thought to be typical of or suitable for men男性的，男子气概的；适于男子的
a masculine appearance/voice男性外表／嗓音
But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all alts must have access to flexible, affordable training. 但是，若要尽量减少因时代改变而落伍的人数，那么所有成年人都必须能够获得灵活而又实惠的培训。
The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning[令人震惊的] advances in ecation. That should be the scale of the ambition today.在19和20世纪，教育有了令人震惊的进步。今天的抱负应当不逊当年。
If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical[根本性的]. Because ecation is a public good[公益事业] whose benefits spill over to[延及] all of society, governments have a vital role to play[发挥重要作用]—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely[花得明智].
如果新的学习方式是要帮助那些最需要帮助的人，那么政策制定者应该寻求远为根本性的举措。因为教育是一种公益事业，其益处会延及整个社会，各国政府要发挥重要作用——不仅要增加投入，还得把钱花得明智。
Lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, ecation should not be narrowly vocational[职业的]. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on[注重] “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills[学习技能] later in life.
终身学习始于学校。一般来说，教育不应该有狭隘的职业性。学生需要从课程中学会如何学习和思考。注重“元认知”将帮助学生日后更好地学习技能。
But the biggest change is to make alt learning routinely[常态化地] accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers[抵用券] that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such “indivial learning accounts”; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.
但最大的改变是让所有人都能常态化地进行成人学习。一个方法是向国民发放抵用券，可用于支付培训费用。新加坡就有这样的“个人学习账户”。该国向所有25岁以上的国民提供资金，可用来选择学习500种经认可的课程。到目前为止，每个国民只领取了几百美元，但这才刚刚开始。
Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But instry can help by steering[引导] people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs. Trade unions can play a useful role as[发挥作用] organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.
由纳税人付费的课程有可能被浪费。但企业界可以提供帮助，引导人们学习业界所需的技能，并和MOOC及大学院校合作设计有用的课程。企业还可以鼓励员工学习。电信公司AT&T希望员工具备数字技能，它每年支出3000万美元报销员工的学费。工会也可以发挥作用，组织终身学习，尤其是帮助那些小公司的员工或自雇人士，因为这些人不大可能有公费培训的机会。在英国，一个工会组织的培训项目同时得到了左右两派政党的支持。
To make all this training worthwhile[值得的], governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours’ practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.
要让所有这些培训有价值，政府需要大力降低执业资格要求以及其他阻碍新人入行的门槛。例如，与其要求有300小时的实习来获得做洗发工的资格，田纳西州应该让理发店自行决定雇谁最好。
Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting[不断变化的] jobs market. Those most at risk of[受威胁] technological disruption[技术颠覆] are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine[男子汉的]” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all alts must have access to flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning[令人震惊的] advances in ecation. That should be the scale of the ambition today.
并非每个人都能成功应付正在变化的就业市场。受技术颠覆威胁最大的是那些蓝领工人，其中很多人拒绝在医疗护理等快速发展的领域里承担不那么“男子汉”的工作。但是，若要尽量减少因时代改变而落伍的人数，那么所有成年人都必须能够获得灵活而又实惠的培训。在19和20世纪，教育有了令人震惊的进步。今天的抱负应当不逊当年。
【radical】根本的；彻底的，完全的
【spill over】波及，扩散，影响
【it is early days】言之过早；为时尚早
【steer】引导，带领
【reimburse】偿还；付还；补偿
【slash】大幅削减，大幅减少（金钱、工作等）
【navigate】导航，确定…的方向
【masculine】男性的，男子气概的；适于男子的
public good[公益事业]
have a vital role to play[发挥重要作用]
spending wisely[花得明智]
vocational[职业的]
picking up skills[学习技能]
routinely[常态化地]
vouchers[抵用券]
play a useful role[发挥作用]
at risk of[受威胁]
technological disruption[技术颠覆]
stunning[令人震惊的]
原文选自《经济学人》 2017年1月14日 Technology and ecation版块 Lifelong Learning文章
原文链接：https://gbr.economist.com/articles/view/5878aaadffe2d6434a24290c/en_GB/zh_CN
翻译链接：https://gbr.economist.com/articles/view/5878aaadffe2d6434a24290c/zh_CN/en_GB
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❷ 2019-5-8经济学人精读
原文：
1.(It’s) not surprising/no / little / small wonder that...
No / Little / Small wonder that there is a surge in "English-medium" ecation all over the world.
Small wonder, then, that pulses quickened on both sides of the Pacific when Donald Trump, as president-elect, questioned the policy.
2.surge
突然的、大幅的增加
a surge in inflation 通货膨胀剧增
a surge in smartphone sales智能手机销量剧增
a surge in "English-medium" ecation
英文授课热潮
🥕fashion是最简单的一个词，潮流
a fashion for English-medium ecation
🥕vogue和fashion的意思一样，但听上去猜肢更正式一些
a vogue for Xiao Guan Tea 小罐茶热潮
🥕fever本义是高烧，引申为热潮、狂热
Soccer fever has been sweeping the nation ring the World Cup.
🥕craze和fever类似，表示狂热
a craze for shared bicycles 共享单车热潮
🥕fad常指短暂的潮流，介词用for
a fad for organic food 有机食品热潮
🥕trend本义是趋则昌势，有两种用法
a growing trend in English-medium ecation
a trend towards English-medium ecation
🥕Sth is all the rage就是sth is fashionable的意思
PUBG-like games are all the rage among the young.
3.all over the world
across the world
around the world
globally
4.grip
抓住、控制、影响
The government keeps a tight grip on social media.
The country was gripped/plagued by economic problems.
Soccer fever has gripped the nation ring the World Cup.
Soccer fever has been sweeping the nation ring the World Cup.
A surge in "English-medium" ecation gripped the whole world.
5.spur
促进(v.)、穗盯世“刺激(v.)=encourage
Depreciating the yuan would spur China’s exports to the U.S.
Shooting games encourage violent behaviour.
6.In the hope that...
希望...
I came to the island in the hope of finding a simpler way of life.
hoping=in the hope of / that...：
I came to the island hoping to find a simpler way of life.
7.obtain good/well-paid/lucrative jobs
8.glitter
闪光
I wish you would have a glittering career ahead of you.
9.world
领域、圈子:circle, field
the business world 商业圈
the academic world 学术圈
10.lead
🥕lead the world in...在某方面走在世界前面
China leads the world in 5G technology.
🥕blazed a trail
Where tech companies have blazed a trail , others have followed.
Where Starbucks once blazed a trail , chocolatiers are following.
11.expedient
The disease was controlled by the simple expedient of not allowing anyone to leave the city.
12.contentious
It was also a reminder of how contentious and how unpredictable China’s expanding censorship has become.
13.switch
By this logic, Donald Trump should stop using the phone or switch to Huawei instead.
14.In part
in part to stem the outflow of children into the private sector.
15.stem
stem the tide of illegal immigration 遏制非法移民潮
16.outflow
the outflow of capital资本外流
17.that has happened in / to / at+名词
Being persistent is an entry ticket to success. That has happened to Forrest Gump, who, despite his low IQ, created a wonderful life with his strenuous effort.
❸ 在大陆有什么好的方法可以订阅每期的The Economist
可以订阅经济学人商论APP，付费之后可以学习里面的双语文章，一年500元。
也可以看一些平台的学习笔记更新，比如高斋外刊双语精读，定期也可以经济学人原文和笔记。比如这种：
经济学人18年2月期
No ordinary Zhou
非凡人物周小川
China’s formative central banker is about to retire, but his influence will live on.
为中国央行奠基立业的行长即将退休，但他的影响将一直持续
原文：WHEN Zhou Xiaochuan took the helm of China’s central bank 15 years ago, the world was very different. China had just joined the World Trade Organisation and its economy was still smaller than Britain’s. Foreign investors paid little heed to the new governor of the People’s Bank of China. He seemed safe to ignore: another black-haired, bespectacled official whose talk was littered with socialist bromides.
官方译文：周小川15年前执掌中国央行时，世界与现今迥然不同。当时中国刚刚加入世贸组织，经济总量仍低于英国。外国投资者没把中国人民银行的这位新行长当回事。看起来，忽视他也没什么风险：这不过是又一位黑头发、戴眼镜的官员，一张嘴便是社会主义惯用的陈词滥调。
第一句：WHEN Zhou Xiaochuan took the helm of China’s central bank 15 years ago, the world was very different.
周小川15年前执掌中国央行时，世界与现今迥然不同。
一、《经济学人》中是如何介绍人物的？
the world was very different：
《经济学人》在介绍人物时，前半句一般是“介绍人物+所做重要事件+时间”，后半句用“the world was very different”、“the world was a different place”等类似表达。在平常的英语写作中，可以借鉴类似表达，提升语言张力。比如在介绍马斯克的时候这样说：
WHEN Elon Musk started Tesla in 2003 the world was a different place.
伊隆马斯克2003年创办特斯拉时，世界与现在大不同。
二、“执掌...”英语怎么说？
take the helm of：比如金融时报这样说：
Guo Shuqing, who took the helm of the CSRC in late October, said in a first public address this month that he wanted to clean up markets.
10月末开始执掌中国证监会的郭树清，本月在第一次公开讲话中表示，他要清理市场。
第二句：China had just joined the World Trade Organisation and its economy was still smaller than Britain’s.
当时中国刚刚加入世贸组织，经济总量仍低于英国。
一、“经济总量”怎么说？
在经济学人中，表达“经济总量时”，往往直接使用“economy”即可，而不使用“the amount of economy”、“economy aggregate”等。
二、过去完成时的结构以及用法
过去完成时表示过去某一时间之前完成的动作或发生的情况，句子谓语形式由had+动词的过去分词构成，通常表述为“过去的过去”。也可以跟有一定的时间状语，如by, before等介词或连词。
“had just joined”：文章中第一句第二句所表达的思想为“周小川15年前执掌中国央行时，当时中国刚刚加入世贸组织......”。第一句中所使用的时态为一般过去时，表示过去发生的动作。
从第二句“当时中国刚刚加入”这一动词我们可以判断出“加入世贸组织”是先于“周小川15年前执掌中国央行”的时间，因此本句中的时态应为“过去的过去”，因此采用了过去完成时这一语法结构。
三、“所有格所修饰的名词”在什么情况下可以省略？
its economy was still smaller than Britain’s（economy):
所有格修饰的名词有时可以省略，这主要见于以下情形:
(1) 、承前省略：即根据前文语境省略后文中所含的不言而喻的名词。
Lily’s book is more interesting than Lucy’s (book).
莉莉的书比露西的书更有趣。
(2) 、习惯性省略：当所有格所修饰的名词表示教堂、商店、诊所、某人家、某人办公室等时，所有格后的名词有时可以省略。如：
I've got an appointment at the dentist's（dental clinic）at 11:15.
我已预约11时15分到牙医诊所看病。
第三句：Foreign investors paid little heed to the new governor of the People’s Bank of China.
外国投资者没把中国人民银行的这位新行长当回事。
一、“没当回事”怎么说？
pay little heed to: 比如金融时报这样说：
For its first eight years in India, M& S, the mainstay of the British high street, paid little heed to this.
在印度的头8年，作为英国大众消费市场支柱的玛莎百货几乎没有留意这一点。
二、“行长”怎么说？
Mervyn King, governor of the Bank of England, recently called for a "public and informed debate" on the issue.
英国央行行长默文-金（MervynKing）近日呼吁就此问题展开“开诚布公的讨论”.
取自经济学人18.2.1的文章：
No ordinary Zhou非凡人物周小川
第四句：He seemed safe to ignore: another black-haired, bespectacled official whose talk was littered with socialist bromides.
看起来，忽视他也没什么风险：这不过是又一位黑头发、戴眼镜的官员，一张嘴便是社会主义惯用的陈词滥调。
一、“s+v+adj.+to do”结构中，如何用 “不定式的主动形式表示被动含义”？
seemed safe to ignore：忽视他也没什么风险
其中需要满足两种条件：（1）表语是性质形容词；（2）主语是to do 的逻辑宾语。
拓展：The book is interesting to read. 这本书读起来很有趣。
二、“：”的解释说明作用
在本句中，“：”前后是两个独立的句子，“：”前的句子表达了作者的情感态度，即周小川很容易受到忽略。而在“；”的后面进一步对于周小川的形象做出了描写，具体解释说明其容易受到忽视的理由。
三、“，”在并列句中表示强调
在英语句子中，通常用and连接两个并列成分，在此句中“black-haired”,和“bespectacled”之间用 “,”代替了“and”，起到了一种强调的作用。
四、“官员”怎么说？
"Our general objective is going to be what is good for the system, " the seniorofficial said. "We want the system to have enough capital. "
“我们的大目标将是什么对整个系统有利，”这位高层官员表示。“我们希望整个系统有充足的资本金。”
五、“充斥”、“比比皆是”怎么说”？
be littered with:比如金融时报这样说：
Furthermore, luxury remains an unpredictable instry at the best of times, littered with monster egos and family feuds.
此外，即使在形势最好的时候，奢侈品也是个难以预测的行业，充斥着极度膨胀的自我意识和家族纷争。
History is littered with conflicts that, in retrospect, look inexplicable but at the time seemed unavoidable.
各种看上去无法解释，但当时似乎不可避免的冲突，在历史上比比皆是。
六、“陈词滥调”怎么说？
比如金融时报这样说：
What replaces it, apart from feel-good bromides and political stitch-ups?
那么，在泡沫破裂后，除了聊以自慰的陈词滥调以及政治撮合，取而代之的是什么呢？
七、“whose”引导的定语从句
whose 是定语从句中一个常用的关系代词， 它是关系代词who的所有格，在从句中作定语，也就是说当先行词与从句中某个名词有所属关系，表达“……的”意思时，用关系代词whose 引导定语从句，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物，既可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
比如金融时报这样说：
In the court next to me was a man whose business collapsed not long ago, after it had borrowed billions of pounds.
隔壁球场有一位男士在打球，前不久他的企业由于数十亿英镑的贷款刚刚倒闭。
It would only shift the surplus to the commodity exporters, whose propensity to consume out of additional export revenues may be very low.
这将只是把盈余转移给大宗商品出口国，而这些国家将额外出口收入用于消费的倾向可能非常低。
❹ 《经济学人》精读文章——Natural Genius
这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达，我贴出来，大家一起赏析一下：
佳句篇：
Sentence 1.
He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested.
解析：
Ruffle弄皱的衡滚意思
Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒（想想逆毛流撸猫）
The idea that ...用的是同位语从句，不太多，常用搭配是the evidence that，the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。
Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组，咐山余而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。
Sentence 2.
Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm.
disproportionately不成比例地
主干and复合句+非谓语动词唯侍scoring+as引导的从句（插入后置定语）
每个部分都不难，集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。
Sentence 3.
But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).
这个句子不难，为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲，这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词，实则在翻译（以及理解）当中，我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分，而且作副词处理。
Aristocratic贵族统治
Meritocratic德治
Sentence 4.
That small, reproctively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known.
主语从句，注意that.
Sentence 5.
Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.
典型长句，如何解析？
Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types:
Or so大约
斜体作的是disease genes
they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.
either or后面是两个in...
第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids
that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。
也就是说，（非限制性）定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。
第二个in后面很简单，但！！！文章最后一段有解释，对于 文章结构 至关重要。
Sentence 6&7.
Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects.
It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.
两句话放一起。
主干已加黑。很有意思的句子，工整、对仗，而又解释非常清楚。
下一句，persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准，整句话像外科手术般，精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂，用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超，字字玑珠，像极了宝马M3。
Sentence 8.
Genes that promote intelligence in an indivial when present as a single create disease when present as a double .
乍一看没什么稀奇，再一看，把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中，可谓老辣。
作何解？
That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定，指的是genes的其中一种特征，然后用when说明了适用情况。
Create谓语的主语也是genes，但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定，其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。
简单来讲，genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定，又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。
Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应，尽管成分差别很大。
两个when的对比。
可谓神句。
Sentence 9.
An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.
Than (what) would be expected by chance.
省略了what。。。你能理解吗？
还有这个books，这个同语境关联强烈。
好的表达：
1. ruffle one’s feather
2. Tremble at the thought
3. Affirm作不及物动词（Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ）
4. aristocratic v.s. meritocratic
5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence
附原文及翻译：
Natural genius? 天生我才？
The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past
德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果
THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection.
某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法，是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过着名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别，总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病，其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出，就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算，更具争议的是，他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。
Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection.
然而就算是Cochran，也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同，在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文，文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点，还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。
History before science
不管是否科学，先来看看历史
Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing ecation. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively.
德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗，正常人一般在100分左右，而他们大多都能得个112-115分，而且虽然人数不多，但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒，我们就会点头称是了。但同时，他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实，最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的，如浓烈的价值观教育的传统；后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果，不过即使是现在，德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚，在过去，就更是如此了。
Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.
但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑，并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力，才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。
Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim.
德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后，犹太难民四散而逃，逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。
In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point.
在中世纪，欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等，结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业，如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作，此外，他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚（这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实）。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。
He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking.
他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业，虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了，但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明，智力水平（按智力测试的标准来算）与工资水平（如那些从事银行工作的人）联系密切。
What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to althood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).
这些历史记录证明了，那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪，基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取，而非通过量才而用（如从事银行或贸易工作）和平地获得。
Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society.
把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一，你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗？假如它果真存在的话，那究竟是什么呢？科克伦博士认为它们的确存在，而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。
That small, reproctively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer.
众所周知，越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚，就算不是近亲，也会较少遗传的多样性，同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说，Cochran 医生指出，情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类：一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪）的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘，允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病；而后者会导致癌症。
That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can.
上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是，在一些病例中，特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体，而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果，可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶，但在一些特殊的条件下，进化能够产生这样的结果。
West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one from each parent). Those who have only one have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.
如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病，这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白（父母都有这种血红蛋白）的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症，也不会患疟疾，该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此，我们可以这样说，抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来，同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥，只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时，才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。
Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an indivial when present as a single create disease when present as a double . His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might.
Cochran博士认为，德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况，他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力，一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然，该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力，因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力，但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。
The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to althood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.
鞘脂储存类疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病，都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然，这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是，也有可能，仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接，或许因此导致智力提高。实际上，在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中，在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中，确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录，患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。
Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price.
为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力，现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然，陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育，但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过，该理论也有令人信服的地方：它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为，这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受，假如确实如此的话，它将有力地证明，德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验，而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是，如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样，它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。