1. 英文論文怎麼寫
Executive Summary
The executive summary provides a synopsis of the report. It should include:
· A statement on the purpose of the report – what it sets out to achieve
· A brief outline of the scope of the report and/or research methodology
· An outline of the major issues or findingscovered in the report
· An outline of the major conclusions and recommendations of the report.
The executive summary should not include new information nor should it be used as an introction to the report.
As the executive summary is a summary of the report, it should ALWAYS be the LASTsection of the report written
2. Introction or Background
It may include an outline of the terms of reference or the reasons for the decision to write the report (see below).
Explain the background to the issue/problem/topic (this could be the history, etc. that helps us understand the issue/problem/topic.
What are the different points of view/opinions about th
2. 經濟類學術論文（英文）
我國經濟經歷了三十多年的快速發展，在取得了發展奇跡的同時也存在著很多問題。下面是我為大家精心推薦的經濟類學術論文（英文），希望能夠對您有所幫助。
經濟類學術論文（英文）篇一
The Likonomics
“Likonomics”, the term to describe Chinese Premier Li Keqiang`s economic policy. Was coined on June 27 by three economists at Barclays Capital. Like "Thatcherism", "Reaganomics", and more recently “Abenomics”, "Likonomics" has become the buzzword to describe the implications of China's new economic program. And what is “Likonomics”? The Barclays Capital`s economists also give our a explain, “Likonomics” was a series of measures adopted by the State Council. The measures were passed to ensure the sustainability of China`s economy. “which could be summarized as "Likonomics", consists of three key pillars: no stimulus, Deleveraging and structural reform." It is mean the China need to free the market, and stop the government control the market. And this new police is a long-term objectives, so the next three years the grew rate of Chinese quarter of Economic will be reced at least 4%.
“Since assuming office in mid-March, Premier Li Keqiang has taken a different policy path. Its key economic policy framework, which could be summarized as "Likonomics", consists of three key pillars: no stimulus, deleveraging and structural reform.”(China Daily 07/05/2013 page9 by Huang Yiping). In the news, we know the three solutions, “no stimulus”, “Deleveraging” and “structural reform”. The “stimulus” mean the government in the short time,following the liabilities or expand the money supply to stimulate the economy, but at the same time the inflation also coming, So the first way is to decrease the Chinese inflation. And the second solution is “Deleveraging”, this solution`s meaning is “repay”, repay the money that borrow before the economic crisis, at the same time the most assets, such as stocks, bonds, real estate the prices of those assets will be decrease, and the country`s economy also will be reced. The last solution is the “structural reform”, everyone know the government has no able to control the market, because the government cannot get all information for the government, but it just is the half reason for this solution, the other part is the “corruption” in the Chinese government system, the power official have able to control the economy. So the Premier Li Keqiang build the “free trade zone” in Shanghai, in this area no one can control the economy, that mean every thing happen in this area are all form the market`s self adjusting.
In fact the words “no stimulus”, “Deleveraging” and “structural reform” are professional, so I use my own word to explain the “Likonomics”. I have four steps. First step, only “fight” the inflation and do not care the Chinese Economy grow rate, right now in China the RIBOR between banks is from 2% increase to 30%, it is effective to stop the banks`s venture investment, because when the RIBOR increase the bank have to keep the “working capital” in their own hand, they have no enough able to pay the extremely high interest rate, so that the total money in the market going to decrease. But at the same time the China “Total Social Financing ” it reced 43%. Secondly step, is decrease the TAX, as same as the picture show as, right now the Chinese tas price is stand on the point A, and if the government reced the tax price the total tax revenue will be increase. Thirdly step, is free the coal`s price, because in China the coal is the most important resource, people use the coal to generate electricity, warm and others, but on the coal have 88 kinds of tax, and the government disagree to trade the coal with other countries, so that if the government stop to control the coal`s price, the price will be decrease, then the burden of enterprises will accordingly drop. Fourth step, and also the last step is talk about
the government control. We all know, that if the government control the market the efficiency of market will goes down, because the government cannot get all the information in the market. So the “Free trade zone” was born in Shanghai, in this zone the government cannot control, and the other large enterprise also cannot intervene, it is a 100% free market. The Premier Li is use this way to break the bureaucracy in China.
Right now, the China is the fastest develop country in the world, and at the same time the stagflation also is coming. So the Premier Li use the extremely hard cost to stop the Chinese inflation increase. We don`t know what will be happen in the after ten years, even twenty years, the China, stand on the top of world, every action of China can have able to effect the international economic.
All the informations are from those website:The Likonomics
經濟類學術論文（英文）篇二
I live in the area which has five communities. They are a large community Taizi vally, two medium communities Shanshuiqing and Nuode internation, and two small communities, Shanhaicuilu and Ray. 0755. Residents Quantity:2500 families.
The supermarket quantity: before 2009, there's a Huarun for us to buy something we need, but it moved after property right had transfered . Before 2010,there are no formal large supermarket. Supermarkets in geographical position from this area is far place but they has some small buses to transport customers, but I live in the area which just has some stores and a large farmer's market. By the end of 2010, Easy life opened and Baijia opened in early 2011. They are opened for residents’ everyday necessities demand. In March 2011,Easy life went out of business but Baiji’s business is booming.This article will mainly discuss the reason of Easy life closed and consumers choice problem.
一.What decided they fate?
1. From market supply and demand we can see that when Easy life and Baijia existing at the same time, there are supply greater than demand .
2. When market supply greater than demand, which decide their fate is consumer preferences.
First, shopping environment from view, consumer preferences in purchasing Baijia because it has a comfortable environment for comsumer to buy something. And at this point, Baijia do better than Easy life, such as: the ground very clean, there was nothing in the cart like resial vegetables or other things, shelves are very neat and clean, air indoor is very good.moreover from display of goods to see, though two of the supermarket goods no matter from varieties or to brand are familiar, but Baijia do better than Easy life and obviously the main problem is that Easy life’s commodity classification isn’t science, shelves has many unused space, etc. In addition to attract consumers from some of the factors, such as the lights, warm lamplight can make the fruit and vegetable appear very fresh, and can still make consumer feel very comfortable and it can also stimulate consumer to buy someting, so consumers are willing to spend more time to purchase goods.But choose the cool color light will make the fruit and vegetable seems not fresh and color looks wrong, the most important is the cool color light may make consumers feel unwell, consumers don’t want to stay in the supermarket any more, that is certainly will rece consumer’s more consumption. At this point Baijia will do better than Easy life.
The above is from thing’s logical thinking , however, but when we use economic theory to treat Easy life closed and there is something we cann’t understand. Because of Easy life is at the side of the road where there is a large community, a medium-sized community and a small community. From the factor of buy something convenient to see, people actually are more willing to go to Easy life, because it does not need to cross the road. And the cashier of Easy life work more efficiently than Baijia, the bill. And this rece customer unnecessary waiting time. The most important advantages of Easy life that the price of same goods is cheaper than relative to the best goods cheaper than Baijia. So why are these relationships to the immediate interests of consumers advantage did not let Easy life’s business thriving? Instead of "advantage" that is blatant and why let Baijia’s business thriving? Personally, I think, this is the result of irrational consumer behavior! Economics of three assumptions, the most controversial is rational man hypothesis.
看了“經濟類學術論文（英文）”的人還看：
1. 經濟類新聞學術論文
2. 經濟類詞彙中英對照
3. 經濟類學術論文範文
4. 英文翻譯學術論文
5. 英語學術論文範文
3. 求一篇2000字的經濟類英文文章及翻譯（英文要2000字），謝謝！
Health care
A new prescription for the poor
為貧窮者新開的處方
America is developing a two-tier health system, one for those with private insurance, the other for the less well-off
美國正在發展一個雙重的健康系統，一重是為那些有個人保險的人群，而另一重則是為那些不那麼富裕的人群
Oct 8th 2011 | NEW YORK | from the print edition
「IT』S
time for Dancing with the Stars!」, a woman announces enthusiastically.
At this New York health centre, wedged between housing projects to the
east and Chinatown to the west, 「dancing with the stars」 means dancing
with a physical therapist. An old man stands up with a nurse and begins a
determined samba.
「是時候和明星一起跳舞了！」一位女士滿懷熱情地宣告。在這個坐落於房屋工程的西面，唐人街東面的紐約健康中心，「和明星起舞」的意思是和一位物理治療師跳舞。一位老者和一個護士站起來，開始跳事先確定好的桑巴舞。
Comprehensive
Care Management (CCM), which runs this centre, tries to keep old people
active. To do so, explains Joseph Healy, the chief operating officer,
is in the company』s best interest. The government pays CCM a capped rate
for the care of its members. If someone gets sick, his health costs
rise and the company』s margin shrinks. Mr Healy argues that the system
is the best way to provide good care at a low cost. Increasingly others
seem to agree.
經營這個中心的綜合護理管理部門（CCM）努力保持老人們的活力。約瑟夫-海莉，首席運營官解釋說，這樣做符合公司
的最佳利益。政府給這個部門一個封頂的津貼來讓他們照顧這些人。如果有人生病了，他的健康成本就會上升，公司的利潤就會萎縮。海莉先生確定說這個系統能夠
在一個低成本上提供最佳的護理。其他人也逐漸同意這個觀點。
Medicaid, America』s health programme
for the poor, is in the process of being transformed. Over the next
three years, New York will move its entire Medicaid population into
「managed care」, paying companies a set rate to tend to the poor, rather
than paying a fee for each service. New York is not alone. States from
California to Mississippi are expanding managed care. It is the
culmination of a steady shift in the way most poor Americans receive
their health-care treatment.
公共醫療補助，即美國的窮人健康計劃，正在被改造的過程中。在接下來的
三年內，紐約將把整個接受窮人健康計劃的人群納入「管理關懷」之中，付給公司們一個事先定好的費用來照顧那些窮人，而不是按照項目來付費。紐約不是唯一這
樣做的州。加州，密西西比州正在拓展管理關懷計劃。這代表一種正在進行中的穩步轉變，即大部分貧窮美國人接受健康關懷方式的轉變。
Medicaid
is America』s single biggest health programme. This year roughly one in
five Americans will be covered by Medicaid for a month or more. It
gobbles more federal and local money than any state programme, other
than ecation. Costs will rise even more when Barack Obama』s
health-care reform expands the programme by easing eligibility rules in
2014. Congress』s 「supercommittee」 is already considering cuts. However,
there are more immediate pressures behind the present drive for change.
公
共醫療補助是美國最大的單一健康計劃。今年，五個美國人中的一個就會被納入該計劃一個月或更長時間。除了教育之外，它比其他任何州的財政計劃耗去更多聯邦
和地方的經費。當2014年奧巴馬的健康保險改革放寬適用人群而使整個計劃更加龐大的時候，成本將會進一步上升。眾議院的「超級委員會」已經在考慮削減經
費。然而，選擇這種變化，將會有更多即刻的壓力存在。
Enrolment in Medicaid jumped ring the
downturn, from 42.7m in December 2007 to 50.3m in June 2010. Mr Obama』s
stimulus bill helped to pay for some of this, but that money has dried
up. Faced with gaping deficits, some desperate governors slashed
payments to hospitals and doctors, or refused to pay for trips to the
dentist or oculist. But much the most important result has been
structural: the expansion of managed care.
公共醫療補助計劃的參與人數在經濟滑坡期間從2007年
12月的
4270萬人跳到了2010年6月的5030萬人。奧巴馬先生的經濟刺激經費能夠幫助付掉其中的一部分，但是錢已經被用光。面對資金短缺，一些絕望的州長
砍掉了給醫院和醫生的補助，或是拒絕支付牙醫和眼科醫生的旅行費用。但是，更多地，最重要的結果是結構上的：管理關懷的拓展。
States
have dabbled in managed care for decades. The trend accelerated in the
1990s, with the share of Medicaid patients under this form of care
reaching 72% by 2009. Now, however, there is a strong push for the
remainder. States that did not have managed care, such as Louisiana, are
introcing it. Other states are extending it to people previously
deemed off limits: California and New York, for example, are moving the
elderly and disabled into that system of care. Texas is targeting more
than 400,000 Medicaid beneficiaries in the Rio Grande Valley. Local
politicians had resisted the move, nervous that care might deteriorate.
But the yawning deficit meant that they were overruled.
各個州涉足管理關懷已經有幾
十年的歷史了。這個趨勢在90年代得到加速發展，在2009年前使用這種護理方式的公共醫療補助病人佔到了72%。現在，對於剩下的人，這也是很強的推動
力。像路易斯安那州這樣沒有管理關懷的州正在引進管理關懷。其他州也把這個拓展到原先被認為不適用的人群：舉例說像加州和紐約州，正在把老人和殘障人士納
入這個系統中，德州的目標是在格蘭德河谷超過400000公共醫療補助收益人群。地方政治家反對這個舉動，他們擔心這個護理系統將會變質。但是巨大的赤字
意味著他們的觀點註定要被批駁。
The result is a country with two distinct tiers
of health care. Most Americans with private insurance are still
horrified by thoughts of health-management organisations and prefer to
pay fees for each medical service. For the poor, managed care is
becoming the norm.
結果就是一個國家有兩套截然不同的健康保險系統。大多數有個人保險的美國人仍舊害怕那些健康管理組織的想法而寧願為單獨的醫療服務付費。對於窮人來說，管理關懷已經成為一種常規。
Advocates
of managed care have high expectations. First, they hope that it will
make costs more predictable. Second, they believe that the change will
improve patients』 health. In managed care, a patient has a network of
doctors and specialists. If the programme works properly, doctors can
monitor all aspects of care, in contrast to the fragmented
fee-for-service system. The contracts that states have with firms can
set standards for quality. Texas, for instance, will cut 5% from a
company』s payment if it does not meet what is required.
管理關懷的鼓吹者有著很高的
期待。首先，他們希望這能讓成本變得可以預測，其次，他們相信，這個改變可以改善病人的健康。在管理關懷中，一個病人有一個由醫生和專家組成的網路。如果
這個計劃運行良好，醫生可以監測關懷的各個方面，相對於分離的的按服務付錢的系統來說。州政府和公司的合同可以為質量定下標准。德州，舉例說，將會在付款
中扣除5%如果公司沒有達到要求的標准。
The next step is to integrate care for those
eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare, the federal programme for the
old. These 「als」 account for almost 40% of Medicaid』s costs and just
15% of its population. 「If managed care can really deliver better care
than fee-for-service」, says Diane Rowland, chair of the commission that
advises Congress on Medicaid, 「this is the population that could prove
it.」
下一步是整合那些同時符合公共醫療補助和長者醫療補助計劃（聯邦老人醫療補助）的人群。這些「雙符合」人群占據了將近40%的公共醫療補
助成本和僅僅15%的人口數量。「如果管理關懷能真正比按項目付費帶來更好的服務」，戴安-羅蘭德，委員會（指導國會在公共醫療補助政策上進行決策）主任
說：「這是一群能證明管理關懷可行的人。」
But some, such as Norma Vescovo, are
sceptical. As the head of the non-profit Independent Living Centre of
Southern California (ILCSC), Ms Vescovo serves Medicaid patients with
severe health problems. Over the years she has often sued California on
policies that she thinks will hurt her vulnerable clients. On October
3rd her case moved to the Supreme Court.
但是一些人，例如像諾瑪-凡斯科夫就對此表示懷疑。作為非盈利的南加州獨立生活中心主任，凡斯科夫女士服務於那些有嚴重健康問題的接受公共醫療補助的病人。在這些年間，她經常控告加州政府在一些政策上會傷害她的一些脆弱的客戶。在10月3日，她的案子被移到了上訴法院。
The
outcome of Douglas v Independent Living Centre will have profound
implications for the future of Medicaid. Ms Vescovo』s suit concerns cuts
to hospitals and doctors. But the case will also guide the course of
managed care. If ILCSC and its co-plaintiffs win, private groups will
continue to be able to challenge states on policies they think violate
federal Medicaid law. Ms Vescovo, who argues that California』s payment
cuts would eviscerate her clients』 access to services, worries that
under managed care the disabled might not be able to see the specialists
they need.
道格拉斯 v
獨立生活中心的結果將會對公共醫療補助有深遠的意義。凡斯科夫女士的訴訟影響到醫院和醫生的津貼削減。但是這個案子將會引領管理關懷的進程。如果中心和其
他原告勝訴，私人團體將會繼續在那些他們認為違反聯邦法律的政策上挑戰州政府。凡斯科夫女士認為說加州的支付削減計劃會讓她的客戶失去得到服務的機會，她
還擔心，在管理關懷之下，那些殘障人士可能不能見到那些他們需要的專家。
The question is how to
supervise the experiments with managed care that are being carried out
in various states. To date, Medicaid beneficiaries have been able to
challenge the states in court. However, if the Supreme Court rules
against ILCSC, that avenue will be closed. The Centres for Medicare and
Medicaid Services (CMS) technically can intervene if states do not
provide proper access to care. In reality, CMS has few tools to do so.
問
題是怎麼監管在不同州試運行的管理關懷。到目前為止，公共醫療補助受益者已經能夠在法庭中挑戰政府。然而，如果上訴法庭結果不利於中心，那麼這條路將會被
關閉。如果州政府沒有提供合適的關懷的話，公共醫療補助和長者醫療關懷中心理論上是能對此進行干涉，但事實上，他們沒有太多辦法。
「I』m
a big fan of managed care」, says Sara Rosenbaum, a professor at George
Washington University, 「but this transformation may happen with almost
no federal oversight.」 Medicaid beneficiaries are vulnerable, in worse
health than Americans as a whole. Companies may struggle to cut costs
and provide good care as well. If states do not draft their contracts
properly, or fail to be vigilant in monitoring patients』 health, their
experiment in managed care could be a disaster. On the other hand, if
states are careful they could provide an answer to the question that has
vexed America for years: how to provide good, cheap health care.
「我是
管理關懷的擁護者」，薩拉-羅森博姆，一位喬治華盛頓大學教授說，「但是這種轉變可能在沒有聯邦監管的情況下發生。」公共醫療補助的受益者和你脆弱，健康
程度整體上比一般美國人要差。公司可能在削減成本的同時掙扎著同樣提供良好的服務。如果州政府們不好好起草他們的合同，或沒有警覺地監控病人的健康的話，
他們在管理關懷上的實驗可能會是一場災難。另一方面，如果州政府們認真的話，他們能為那個困擾美國人多年的問題提供答案，即怎麼提供優質的便宜的健康關
懷。
4. 英語論文要怎麼寫
一篇較長的英語論文(如英語畢業論文)一般都需要標題頁,其書寫格式如下:第一行標題與列印紙頂端的距離約為列印紙全長的三分之一,與下行(通常為by,居中)的距離則為5cm,第三、第四行分別為作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果該篇英語論文是學生針對某門課程而寫,則在作者姓名與日期之間還需分別打上教師學銜及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本門課程的編號或名稱(如:English 734或British Novel)。列印時,如無特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行列印,行距約為0.6cm(論文其他部分行距同此)。
二、提綱
英語論文提綱頁包括論題句及提綱本身,其規范格式如下:先在第一行(與列印紙頂端的距離仍為2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一詞及冒號,空一格後再打論題句,回行時左邊須與論題句的第一個字母上下對齊。
主要綱目以大寫羅馬數字標出,次要綱目則依次用大寫英文字母、阿拉伯數字和小寫英文字母標出。各數字或字母後均為一句點,空出一格後再打該項內容的第一個字母；處於同一等級的綱目,其上下行左邊必須對齊。
需要注意的是,同等重要的綱目必須是兩個以上,即:有Ⅰ應有Ⅱ,有A應有B,以此類推。如果英文論文提綱較長,需兩頁紙,則第二頁須在右上角用小寫羅馬數字標出頁碼,即ii(第一頁無需標頁碼)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是應用符合英文語法的文字語言，提供論文內容梗概為目的的短文。（內容基本與中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句對應）。
2、英文題目、摘要、關鍵詞自成一頁（1頁即可），放在中文摘要頁之後。
3、英文字體與行間距： 統一使用「西文字體」中的「Times New Roman」，1.5倍行間距。
4、英文題目： 使用三號字加粗。
5、英文摘要： 「Absract」頂格，使用四號字，並加粗。
英文摘要具體內容使用四號字。
6、英文關鍵詞： 「Key Words」頂格，使用四號字並加粗。
四、正文
有標題頁和提綱頁的英語論文,其正文第一頁的規范格式為:論文標題居中,其位置距列印紙頂端約5cm,距正文第一行約1.5cm。段首字母須縮進五格,即從第六格打起。
正文第一頁不必標頁碼(但應計算其頁數),自第二頁起,必須在每頁的右上角(即空出第一行,在其後部)打上論文作者的姓,空一格後再用阿拉伯數字標出頁碼；阿拉伯數字(或其最後一位)應為該行的最後一個空格。
在列印正文時尚需注意標點符號的列印格式,即:句末號(句號、問號及感嘆號)後應空兩格,其他標點符號後則空一格。
五、文中引述
正確引用作品原文或專家、學者的論述是寫好英語論文的重要環節；既要注意引述與論文的有機統一,即其邏輯性,又要注意引述格式 （即英語論文參考文獻）的規范性。
引述別人的觀點,可以直接引用,也可以間接引用。無論採用何種方式,論文作者必須註明所引文字的作者和出處。美國學術界通行的做法是在引文後以圓括弧形式註明引文作者及出處。
六、文獻目錄
論文作者在正文之後必須提供論文中全部引文的詳細出版情況,即文獻目錄頁。美國高校一般稱此頁為 Works Cited, 其格式須注意下列幾點:
目錄頁應與正文分開,另頁列印,置於正文之後。
目錄頁應視為英語論文的一頁,按論文頁碼的順序在其右上角標明論文作者的姓和頁碼；如果條目較多,不止一頁,則第一頁不必標出作者姓和頁碼(但必須計算頁數),其餘各頁仍按順序標明作者姓和頁碼。
標題Works Cited與列印紙頂端的距離約為2.5cm,與第一條目中第一行的距離仍為0.6cm；各條目之間及各行之間的距離亦為0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。
各條目內容順序分別為作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名稱、出版地、出版年份及起止頁碼等；各條目應嚴格按各作者姓的首字母順序排列,但不要給各條目編碼,也不必將書條與雜志、期刊等條目分列。各條目第一行需頂格列印,回行時均需縮進五格,以將該條目與其他條目區分開來。
英語論文摘要又稱文摘，是論文的重要組成部分，它是以提供文獻內容梗概為目的，不加評論和補充解釋，簡明、確切地記述文獻重要內容的短文。摘要應具有獨立性和自明性，並擁有與文獻同等量的主要信息，即不需閱讀全文，就可獲得重要的信息。
摘要通常置於文題之後，文章之首。在論文發表後，論文摘要常被文獻檢索系統所收集。英語論文摘要一般為200-300單詞，並有與英文摘要表達觀點一致的中文摘要與之對應。
(4)英文經濟論文怎麼寫擴展閱讀：
發表論文作用：
論文是指進行各個學術領域的研究和描述學術研究成果的文章。它既是探討問題進行學術研究的一種手段，又是描述學術研究成果進行學術交流的一種工具。不同的人發表論文的作用也不同：
1、評職稱（晉升職稱）：研究生 畢業需要；教師 、醫護人員 、科研院所的人員、企業員工 等 晉升高一級的職稱時，發表期刊論文是作為一項必須的參考指標。
2、申報基金、課題 ：教育、科技、衛生系統 每年申報的國家自然科學基金項目、其它各種基金項目、各種研究課題時，發表論文 是作為 基金或課題 完成的一種研究成果的結論性展示。
3、世界性基礎領域的研究，比如在醫學、數學、物理、化學、生命科學 等領域開展的基礎性研究，公開發表論文 是對最新科技 科學研究成果、研究方法的一種展示和報道。以推動整個社會的科技進步等。
5. 金融專業的英文論文怎麼寫來個人幫忙
按照下面格式來寫：
論文標題：2號黑體加粗，文頭下居中，上下各空兩行。
論文副標題：小2號黑體加粗，緊挨正標題下居中，文字前加破折號。
內容提要及關鍵詞：排在封二或另起頁，標題3號黑體，頂部居中，上下各空一行;內容用小4號宋體，每段起首空兩格，回行頂格。關鍵詞三字用4號黑體，內容用小4號黑體;關鍵詞通常不超過7個，詞間空一格。
目錄：另起頁，項目名稱用3號黑體，頂部居中;內容用小4號仿宋。
正文文字：另起頁，論文標題用3號黑體，頂部居中排列，上下各空一行;正文文字一般用小4號宋體，每段起首空兩格，回行頂格，單倍行距。
注釋：正文中加註之處右上角加數碼，形式為「①」或「⑴」，同時在篇末寫出相應的注號，再寫注文。注文用5號宋體。引用著作時，注文的順序為：作者、書名、出版單位、出版時間、頁碼，中間用逗號分隔;引用文章時，注文的順序為：作者、文章標題、刊物名、期數，中間用逗號分隔。
附錄：項目名稱為4號黑體，在正文後空兩行頂格排印，另起行空兩格用小4號宋體排印參考文獻內容，具體編排方式同注釋。
6. 經濟類的英文論文
Half-way from rags to riches
Apr 24th 2008
From The Economist print edition
Vietnam has made a remarkable recovery from war and penury, says Peter Collins (interviewed here). But can it change enough to join the rich world?
Eyevine
Correction to this article
KNEES and knuckles scraping the ground, the visitors struggle to keep up with the tour guide who is briskly leading the way through the labyrinth of claustrophobic burrows g into the hard earth. The legendary Cu Chi tunnels, from which the Viet Cong launched waves of surprise attacks on the Americans ring the Vietnam war, are now a popular tourist attraction (pictured above). Visitors from all over the world arrive daily at the site near the city that used to be called Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the Communists took the south in 1975.
Alongside the wreckage of an abandoned M41 tank another friendly guide demonstrates a dozen types of improvised booby-traps with sharp spikes that were set in and around the tunnels to maim pursuing American soldiers. The Vietnamese not only welcome the tourist dollars Cu Chi brings in, but are also rather proud of it. They feel it demonstrates their ingenuity, adaptability, perseverance and, above all, their determination to resist much stronger foreign invaders, as the country has done many times down the centuries.
These days Vietnam also has plenty of other things to be proud of. In the 1980s Ho Chi Minh's successors as party leaders damaged the war-ravaged economy even more by attempting to introce real communism, collectivising land ownership and repressing private business. This caused the country to slide to the brink of famine. The collapse soon afterwards of its cold-war sponsor, the Soviet Union, added to the country's deep isolation and cut off the flow of roubles that had kept its economy going. Neighbouring countries were inundated with desperate Vietnamese 「boat people」.
Since then the country has been transformed by almost two decades of rapid but equitable growth, in which Vietnam has flung open its doors to the outside world and liberalised its economy. Over the past decade annual growth has averaged 7.5%. Young, prosperous and confident Vietnamese throng downtown Ho Chi Minh City's smart Dong Khoi street with its designer shops. The quality of life is high for a country that until recently was so poor, and its larger cities have retained some of their colonial charm, though choking traffic and constant construction work are beginning to take their toll.
An agricultural miracle has turned a country of 85m once barely able to feed itself into one of the world's main providers of farm proce. Vietnam has also become a big exporter of clothes, shoes and furniture, soon to be joined by microchips when Intel opens its $1 billion factory outside Ho Chi Minh City. Imports of machinery are soaring. Exports plus imports equal 160% of GDP, making the economy one of the world's most open.
All this has kept government revenues buoyant despite cuts in import tariffs. The recent introction of company taxes is also helping to fill the government's coffers. Spending on public services has surged, yet public debt, at an acceptable 43% of GDP, has remained fairly stable.
Having made peace with its former foes, Vietnam hosted Presidents Bush, Putin and Hu at the Asia-Pacific summit in 2006 and joined the World Trade Organisation in 2007. This year it has one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council.
Vietnam's Communists conceded economic defeat 22 years ago, in the depths of a crisis, and brought in market-based reforms called doi moi (renewal), similar to those Deng Xiaoping had introced in China a few years earlier. As in China, it took time for the effects to show up, but over the past few years economic liberalisation has been fostering rapid, poverty-recing growth.
The World Bank's representative in Vietnam, Ajay Chhibber, calls Vietnam a 「poster child」 of the benefits of market-oriented reforms. Not only does it comply with the catechism of the 「Washington Consensus」—free enterprise, free trade, sensible state finances and so on—but it also ticks all the boxes for the Millennium Development Goals, the UN's anti-poverty blueprint. The proportion of households with electricity has doubled since the early 1990s, to 94%. Almost all children now attend primary school and benefit from at least basic literacy.
Vietnam no longer really needs the multilateral organisations' aid. Multilateral and bilateral donors together have promised the country $5.4 billion in loans and grants this year, but with so much foreign investment pouring in, Vietnam's currency reserves increased by almost double that figure last year. At least the aid donors have learned from the mid-1990s, when excessive praise discouraged Vietnam from continuing to reform, prompting an exos of investors. Now the tone in private meetings with officials is much franker, says a diplomat who attends them.
Vietnam has become the darling of foreign investors and multinationals. Firms that draw up a 「China-plus-one」 strategy for new factories in case things go awry in China itself often make Vietnam the plus-one. Wage costs remain well below those in southern China and proctivity is growing faster, albeit from a lower base. When the UN Conference on Trade and Development asked multinationals where they planned to invest this year and next, Vietnam, at number six, was the only South-East Asian country in the top ten.
The government's programme of selling stakes in publicly owned firms and exposing them to market discipline has recently gathered pace. At the same time the switch from a command economy to free competition has allowed the Vietnamese people's entrepreneurialism to flourish. Almost every household now seems to be running a micro-business on the side, and a slew of ambitious larger firms is coming to the stockmarket.
Much of the praise now being showered anew on the country is deserved. The government is well on course for its target of turning Vietnam into a middle-income country by 2010. Its longer-term aim, of becoming a modern instrial nation by 2020, does not seem unrealistic.
But from now on the going may get tougher. As Mr Chhibber notes, few countries escape the 「middle-income trap」 as they become richer. They tend to lose their reformist zeal and see their growth fizzle. A study in 2006 by the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences concluded that further rections in poverty will require higher growth rates than in the past because the remaining poor are well below the poverty line, whereas many of those who recently crossed it did not have far to go.
The stench of corruption
The Communist Party leadership openly admits that the Vietnamese public is fed up with the endemic corruption at all levels of public life, from lowly traffic policemen and clerks to the most senior people in ministries. In 2006, just before the party's five-yearly congress, the transport minister resigned and several officials were arrested over a scandal in which millions of dollars of foreign aid were gambled on the outcome of football matches. The leadership insists it is doing its best to clean up, but a lot remains to be done.
Almost as bad as the corruption is the glacial speed of legislative and bureaucratic processes. Proposed laws have to pass through all sorts of hoops before taking effect, with endless rounds of consultations to build consensus. The dividing line between the Communist Party, the government and the courts is not always clear. The justice system is rudimentary. Lawyers have no formal access to past case files, so they find it hard to use precedent in legal argument.
The government is part-way through a huge project to slim the bureaucracy and streamline official proceres. It recently cut the number of ministries from 28 to 22. Yet for the moment the bureaucratic logjam is stopping the country building the roads, power stations and other public works it needs to maintain its growth rate. Nguyen Tan Dung, the prime minister, says that if growth is to continue at its current rate, the country's electricity-generating capacity needs to double by 2010. That seems a tall order, to put it mildly.
Soaring car-ownership is leaving the country's underdeveloped roads increasingly gridlocked. In an admirably liberal attempt to limit price distortions as oil surged above $100 a barrel, the government slashed fuel subsidies in February. But one effect will be to stoke inflation, already worryingly high at 19.4% in March. Bank lending surged by 38% last year as firms and indivials borrowed to speculate on shares and property.
The government is finding it much harder to manage an economy made up of myriad private companies, banks and investors than to issue instructions to a limited number of state institutions, especially as the public sector is currently suffering a drain of talent to private firms that are able to offer much higher pay.
What could go wrong
All this leaves Vietnam's continued economic development exposed to a number of risks:
• Rising inflation—which is hurting low earners in particular—and a growing shortage of affordable housing could create a new urban underclass among unskilled workers who have left the land for the cities. Combined with rising resentment at official corruption and the increasing visibility of Vietnam's new rich, this could cause social friction and bring strikes and protests, chipping away at the political stability that has underpinned Vietnam's strong growth and investment.
• Trade liberalisation and increased domestic competition will benefit some firms and farmers but hurt others—especially inefficient state enterprises. These could join forces and press the government to halt or even reverse the reforms.
• The slumping stockmarket or perhaps a property crash could cause a big firm or bank to fail. Given the country's weak and untested bankruptcy laws and financial regulators, the authorities may find it hard to deal with that kind of calamity.
• Natural disasters, from bird flu to floods, could cause chaos.
• The economy could come up against the limits of its creaking infrastructure and the shortage of people with higher skills. Jammed roads, power blackouts and the inability to fill managerial and professional jobs could all bring Vietnam's growth rate crashing down.
Vietnam has set itself such demanding standards that even if some combination of these factors did no more than push annual growth below 5%, it would be seen as a serious setback. The foreign minister, Pham Gia Khiem, notes that Vietnam's current growth of around 8-9% is lower than that in Asia's richest economies at the same stage in their development.
Despite the risks ahead, Vietnam has already provided the world with an admirable model for overcoming war, division, penury and isolation and growing strongly but equitably to reach middle-income status. This model could be followed by many impoverished African states or, closer to home, perhaps by North Korea. If it can be combined with graal political liberalisation, it might even offer something for China to think about.
7. 求助寫經濟論文，英文的
The economy of the United Kingdom is the sixth-largest national economy in the world measured by nominal GDP and seventh-largest measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), and the third-largest in Europe measured by nominal GDP (after Germany and France) and second-largest measured by PPP (after Germany). The UK』s GDP per capita is the 20th highest in the world in nominal terms and the 17th highest measured by PPP. The British economy comprises (in descending order of size) the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the European Union, the G7, the G8, the G20, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Bank, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations.
8. 急求一篇英文的經濟學論文
授之以魚不如授之以漁！蛋卷是某大學國際貿易學系學生，很高興能幫上你。其實有個很好的辦法可以讓你迅速拿到這樣的文獻。我們一般找中英文的文獻和論文都是用這樣的辦法。上google，然後收索你要的作品名稱或者重點詞彙在後面加.pdf.例如 「 economic .pdf」或者「 economic .doc」 這樣。你要找什麼論文或者文獻就重點詞+.pdf 或者重點詞+.doc 蛋卷用這個辦法屢試不爽，你可以多找幾篇，看看論文的架構和作者的思路，並且適當參考。蛋卷提醒使用此方法應該注意的問題：1.一定要用google，因為只有google帶有強大的pdf文件檢索功能，效果會偏差。 2.注意重點詞，如果用一個重點詞找不到合適的論文，建議換幾個重點詞試試，肯定可以下到論文 3.盡量從檢索頁第一頁偏下方開始找論文。因為google也是有檢索排行的，所以一些論文網站會排在你檢索到的信息前面，一般都是需要注冊或者付費下載。一般直接點開鏈接就出現下載的頁面在檢索頁第一頁靠後一點的位置開始。 4.多試試，肯定有。相信蛋卷。希望蛋卷的回答對你有幫助。
9. 如何撰寫並發表英文經濟學論文 傅十和，佩雷拉 電子版
經濟學[1]（economics），是研究人類社會在各個發展階段上的各種經濟活動和各種相應的經濟關系及其運行、發展的規律的科學。其中經濟活動是人們在一定的經濟關系的前提下，進行生產、交換、分配、消費以及與之有密切關聯的活動，在經濟活動中，存在以較少耗費取得較大效益的問題。經濟關系是人們在經濟活動中結成的相互關系，在各種經濟關系中，佔主導地位的是生產關系。
一般學者會把研究范圍歸納入「微觀」或「宏觀」層面。「微觀經濟學」研究的是個體或個體與其他個體間的決策問題，這些問題包括了經濟物品的消費、生產過程中稀缺資源的投入、資源的分配、分配機制上的選擇等等。「宏觀經濟學」則以地區、國家層面作為研究對象，常見的分析包括收入與生產、貨幣、物價、就業、國際貿易等問題。基於宏觀分析只是微觀層面的整合，部分經濟學者認為這種分類並不存在學術價值，但大多數學校仍然沿用這種分類法。
一般情況下，經濟學理論建基在理性的「極大化」這假設之上，每個人都會在局限下選取對自己最有利的選擇。在經濟學理論中的假設真假並不重要，只要假設推論出來的可被驗證含意，能夠解釋及推測現實世界，我們就接受這個理論。但是奧地利經濟學的理論是建立在人是有目的的行動的行動公理基礎之上。其學派旗幟鮮明的反對把理性狀態和極大化作為經濟學的邏輯前提。
凡是有解釋能力的理論，都一定有被事實推翻的可能性（refutable by facts），但未被事實推翻。 我們永遠不能證明一個理論，因為下一次的事件總會有機會推翻該理論。
10. 英語論文怎麼寫
古典文學常見論文一詞，謂交談辭章或交流思想。當代，論文常用來指進行各個學術領域的研究和描述學術研究成果的 文章 ，簡稱之為論文。那麼，你知道論文的英語怎麼說嗎?
論文的英文釋義：
thesis
treatise
paper
study
memoir
tractate
論文的英文例句：
老師問了我一些和我的論文有關的問題。
The teacher asked me some questions relative to my paper.
老師的辦公室里堆滿了大批不同的論文。
There is a heterogeneous mass of papers in the teacher's office.
我們相信你在星期五之前可以完成這篇論文。
We are depending on you to finish the paper by Friday.
英語論文怎麼寫
還沒有裝訂成冊的論文稿件堆放在桌子上。
The unbound sheets of paper were piled up on the table.
他寫的論文很優秀。
The treatise he wrote is excellent.
我們的教授要求他就這個課題寫篇論文。
Our professor asked him to write a treatise on the subject.
論文最後簡要 總結 了本論文的內容和不足。
The last chapter of the paper briefly summarizes the harvest and deficiency.
將參賽的建模方案論文復印三份，將摘要頁裝訂在每份論文的第一頁上沿。
Staple one of the summary sheet on top of each of the solution paper.
我們將在一起審閱這些論文。
We shall go through these papers together.
我終於寫完了李教授要的論文。
I finally popped that paper for Professor Li.
教授已經把我的論文擱置一個月了。
The professor has turned aside my paper for a month.
這是你的論文嗎?
Is this you dissertation?
它就是你要表達的東西，這個論文也是，另一種思考它的方式，關於一個問題的答案。
It is what you profess. Well, the thesis is also, another way to think of it, an answer to a question.
他表示願意幫助我一起做我的研究論文。
He offered to help me with my research paper.
看到了，你打算遞交論文嗎?
Do you plan to submit any paper?
一些書籍和論文講述了如何在單元測試中使用模擬對象，描述的是模擬對象應該具備的能力以及如何使用他們。
Several books and papers show how to use mock objects in unit testing. Thesedescribe the capabilities that mock objects should have and how to use them.
這個部分是對論文所要寫的內容做個一般性的介紹—它不僅僅是對每一部分的描述。
This is a general introction to what the thesis is all about -- it is not just adescription of the contents of each section.
即便這樣 這還是一片非常糟糕的論文如果讓我審核的話它一定會被淹沒在紅墨水的海洋里去.
Yet it's an awful paper that I would have shredded in a sea of red ink if it hadcome to me.
瑪雅：現在你得讓我采訪你，好寫我的論文。
Maya: Now you have to let me interview for my paper.
這里你列舉出你的論文所做出的新知識的貢獻。
Here you list the contributions of new knowledge that your thesis makes.
用另一句話來說就是，這篇短文應該會對你很有幫助無論是你剛剛開始你的研究生課程還是稍後你要開始寫你的論文。
In other words, this note should be helpful when you are just getting started inyour graate program, as well as later when you start to write your thesis.
但他的批評者同意一個事實：他的論文指出了減少化肥的使用在中國的重要性。
And his critics agree with him on one matter: the paper points to the importance ofrecing fertilizer use in China.
那時我將真的不得不對期末論文評分了。
Then I really do have to grade term papers.
此外，論文的 方法 部分本來應該為其他人復制實驗提供足夠的信息，但通常情況都不是這樣。
Moreover, the methods sections of papers are supposed to provide enoughinformation for others to replicate an experiment, but often do not.
在那個研討會上，他交了一篇,論文，是為 其它 一些場合寫的,是關於關心這個概念。
At the symposium, he submitted a paper which he had written for some otheroccasion on the concept of caring about.
但是他們的論文是最完備的。
But their paper is the most thorough.
你什麼時候能完成學期論文?
When will you finish the term paper?
不管你的學期論文是關於什麼的，網際網路總可以幫助你選擇主題或提供多種多樣的主題供你選擇。
No matter whatever your term paper is about, they help you in selecting topicsand some offer a wide range of topics to choose from.